Nov 12, · News, Review News, Review Based on facts, either observed and verified directly by the reporter, or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources., An assessment or critique of a service Jan 26, · The public health community has become increasingly critical of the role that powerful corporations play in driving unhealthy diets, one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. While a substantial amount of work has examined the political strategies used by dominant processed food manufacturers that undermine public health, less attention has been paid to their use A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a specific topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think, living document literature review. Learn More. Stuckey conducted the literature search and led the writing of the article. Nobel supervised the study and provided input into the introduction and conclusion.
This review explores the relationship between engagement with the creative arts and health outcomes, specifically the health effects of music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement-based creative expression, and expressive writing. Although there is evidence that art-based interventions are effective in reducing adverse physiological and psychological outcomes, the extent to which these interventions enhance health status is largely unknown.
Our hope living document literature review to establish a foundation for continued investigation into this subject and to generate further interest in researching the complexities of engagement with the arts and health. There are many more things, between heaven and earth, than are dreamt of in your philosophy, Horatio. viewing man in his totality within a wide ecological spectrum, and … emphasizing the view that ill health or disease is brought about by an imbalance, or disequilibrium, of man in his total ecological system and not only by the causative agent and pathogenic evolution.
This important perspective is echoed in the organization's preamble, wherein health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being rather than merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Implied in this definition is the tie to health outcomes or changes in health as a result of an action; in the present case, the connection between artistic engagement and the psychosocial and biological manifestations of that connection.
More specifically, there is evidence that engagement with artistic activities, either as an observer of the creative efforts of others or as an initiator of one's own creative efforts, living document literature review, can enhance one's moods, emotions, and other psychological states as well as have a salient impact on important physiological parameters. Chronic diseases are a nationwide burden, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death during the past century and the incidence of diabetes continuing to increase, now affecting more than 20 million Americans.
Over the past decade, living document literature review, health psychologists have cautiously begun looking at how the arts might be used in a variety of ways to heal emotional injuries, increase understanding of oneself and others, develop a capacity for self-reflection, reduce symptoms, and alter behaviors and thinking patterns. We reviewed research in the area of art and healing in an effort to determine the creative therapies most often employed.
Four primary therapies emerged: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement-based creative expression, and expressive writing. In these forms of expression, arts modalities and creative processes are used during intentional interventions to foster health. Our hope is to expand effective exploration of these concerns.
We further believe that certain social and environmental factors are converging living document literature review thrust the central questions related to better understanding the relationship between art and health into the spotlight of expanded and vigorous attention. Globalization, bringing with it the need to embrace the broad cultural diversity around how personal and societal philosophies interoperate, will put a premium on finding more effective ways to create and share meaning and meaningfulness, living document literature review.
This need for meaning and relevance in daily experience has long been recognized as one of the fundamental driving forces in artistic creation and engagement.
Similarly, expansion of individual and community health-enhancing efforts worldwide and an acceptance of the definition of health as being more than the absence of illness are spurring active investigation into the fundamentals of whole-person approaches to creating and sustaining health.
Investigating the relationship between art and health living document literature review some interesting ways to bridge these 2 important areas of inquiry and perhaps provide timely and important insights into each.
Art and health have been at the center of human interest from the beginning of recorded history. We make no attempt to clarify or resolve these fundamental issues.
Instead, our intent is to summarize current knowledge about the connection between art and health, identify the most compelling next steps for investigation, and generate further interest in researching the complexities of art and health. Legitimate research questions include whether certain art-based therapies are more or less effective than others, whether the impact of therapy can be tied to other important variables and preconditions, and whether health benefits are sustained or short term.
These issues deserve vigorous continued attention. We conducted a review of current research to determine what is known living document literature review art and healing. The goals of our review, primarily covering the period throughwere to assess the state of peer-reviewed research on arts and healing, to provide a brief summary of both qualitative and quantitative research methods and results, and to describe the principal categories of creative expression that have emerged as effective means of enhancing health and wellness.
We focused on creative arts or expressive activities that were conducted primarily in North American and European countries and primarily with adults. We excluded studies focusing on complementary medicine practices. Although the literature in this review targeted adults aged 18 years or oldermany studies living document literature review focused on use of the arts with children in various contexts e. Finally, we did not evaluate the relationship of creative expression with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia, severe developmental disorders, end-of-life issues, the use of art with incarcerated populations, or the impact of religion on health outcomes.
We assessed how creative expression as a healing process has been used in both clinical and informal practice to promote wellness and healing. We searched the following databases and Internet sites, covering the recent period of through Medline PubMed for general health care literature; Proquest, specifically PsycINFO for psychology journals and CINAHL for nursing and allied health literature; the Cochrane Library for health care reviews; and the Web of Science database including the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Index, and the Arts and Humanities Index.
Primary keywords included the arts and medical outcomes, the creative arts and healing or wellness, creative expression and healing or wellness, the arts and health care, creative expression and illness, music therapy, art therapy, and creative expression and humanities. In the Cochrane Library evidence-based literature, the only studies that included references to art or creative expression were those associated with the treatment of schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses 2425 ; therefore, we did not include any Cochrane database studies in our review.
In addition to the sources just mentioned, specific journals were also targeted because of their connection to art and health: Health Education ResearchHealth and Quality of Life OutcomesHealth Education and BehaviorThe Arts in Psychotherapyand the Journal of Music Living document literature review. We also searched literature from to on PubMed MeSH art therapy database to determine whether there were further foundational research articles, but we did not find any abstracts matching our criteria.
However, we found 1 randomized controlled trial in PubMed, and we included that study. As mentioned, 4 major areas of arts and health care emerged from our review: music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement-based creative expression, living document literature review, and expressive writing. Therefore, we focused on the potential of these creative areas to promote healing, living document literature review. The living document literature review that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process has been embraced in many different cultures.
Throughout recorded history, living document literature review, people have used pictures, stories, dances, and chants as healing rituals.
In fact, although arts therapy has been used clinically for more than a century 28 and has been recognized as a profession since29 much of the published work is theoretical in nature, with little discussion of specific outcomes.
Nevertheless, we have seen positive outcomes for the potential of using art to promote living document literature review in our 4 primary areas of focus. This article is not meant to be a comprehensive review of all of the literature available other authors have provided comprehensive overviews in areas such as music therapy 32 and expressive writing Instead, it represents a sampling of the many potential benefits of art in enhancing health and wellness.
Music is the most accessible and most researched medium of art and healing, and there has been a principal emphasis on the soothing capacity of music and its ability to offset overly technological approaches to care.
In addition, it has been shown that music can calm neural activity in the brain, 40 which may lead to reductions in anxiety, and that it may help to restore effective functioning in the immune system partly via the actions of the amygdala and hypothalamus.
As the activity levels of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala decrease in response to calming effects of music, there may be corresponding reductions in the signals being sent to other parts of the brain.
Table 1 outlines the results of key studies we reviewed that focused on music engagement. In a lengthy review of the music therapy literature from toAldridge noted that most of the research was concerned with passive music therapy and the playing of prerecorded music to patients to reduce stress and enhance well-being, living document literature review.
In a later review, Gregory examined the Journal of Music Therapy from through to determine whether study methodologies included behavioral research designs e. A widely researched phenomenon is the use of music in the control of chronic cancer pain. In a study of patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction, Guzzetta found that relaxation and music therapy were effective in reducing stress. The relaxation and music therapy groups participated in 3 sessions over a 2-day period.
Stress was evaluated via apical heart rates, peripheral temperatures, cardiac complications, and qualitative patient evaluative data. Results demonstrated that apical heart rates were lower and peripheral temperatures were higher in the relaxation and music therapy groups than in the control group. Another area of research is the relationship between coronary heart disease and reductions in living document literature review states. After listening to relaxing music for 20 minutes, participants exhibited significant reductions in heart rate, respiratory rate, myocardial oxygen demand, and, in particular, anxiety, both immediately after and 1 hour after the intervention.
In their study, Burns et al. They assessed the therapeutic effects on patients of listening to music, both live and recorded, living document literature review, while in a relaxed state, as well as the effects of active involvement in music improvisation. Twenty-nine patients participating in a residential 1-week course completed the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist, and data were collected on cortisol levels.
Results showed increases in well-being and relaxation and decreases in tension during the listening experience, increases in well-being and decreases in tension during the improvisation experience, and decreases in serum cortisol levels during both experiences.
An additional anxiety study 54 sought to investigate the effects of group music therapy combined with other creative art methods on self-reported levels of anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among women who had experienced intimate partner violence.
The group met for 6 sessions, each 1 to 1. Visual analog scales were used to assess anxiety, depression, and self-esteem; the goals of the group were to increase self-esteem and self-expression, decrease anxiety and depression, and increase social support.
Significant decreases in depression and marginally significant decreases in anxiety were observed among the study's 7 participants. No significant effects were found for self-esteem, living document literature review. Most participants reported that all of interventions were helpful and rated the group therapy as a positive experience.
These findings suggest that active music therapy in a group context may be effective in improving mood among women recovering from intimate partner violence. Art helps people express experiences that are too difficult to put into words, such as a diagnosis of cancer. Some people with cancer explore the meanings of past, present, and future during art therapy, thereby integrating cancer into their life story and giving it meaning.
For example, McMurray and Schwartz-Mirman 56 and Reynolds and Prior 57 conducted case studies in an attempt to understand why some people turn to making visual art after a cancer diagnosis and how artistic self-expression might contribute to maintenance or reconstruction of a positive identity. Table 2 summarizes the use of art therapies in living document literature review healing process, living document literature review.
Guillemin, one of the first to use drawings in an effort to understand experiences of health and illness, examined how 32 middle-aged women with heart disease understood their condition.
The drawings were grouped into 3 themes: the heart at the center, living document literature review, the heart in the lived body, and heart disease as a social illness. Use of color, spatial organization, and composition were explored. The drawings were considered as both visual products of the women's knowledge about heart disease and processes of embodied knowledge production.
It was concluded that having individuals draw how they visualized their condition was an insightful method with which to explore understandings of illness.
Art can be a refuge from the intense emotions associated with illness. In particular, molding clay can be a powerful way to help people express these feelings through tactile involvement at a somatic level, as well as to facilitate verbal communication and cathartic release and reveal unconscious materials and symbols that cannot be expressed through words.
Women taking part in a qualitative study focusing on cancer described ongoing cancer-related difficulties such as fear for the future, pain, living document literature review, sleeplessness, role loss, activity restriction, reduced self-confidence, and altered social relationships, living document literature review. First, it helped them focus on positive life experiences, relieving their ongoing preoccupation with cancer.
Second, it enhanced their self-worth and identity by providing them with opportunities to demonstrate continuity, challenge, living document literature review, and achievement. Third, it enabled them to maintain a social identity that resisted being defined by cancer. Finally, it allowed them to express their feelings in a symbolic manner, especially during chemotherapy.
In another study, supportive care providers responding to a survey described the healing benefits of music and art therapy in hospital settings, and these benefits seemed to be clustered around notions of exploration, expression, release, and the healing process. There is also evidence that use of art and music reduces hospital stays, with studies showing earlier discharges among patients taking part in visual and performing arts interventions than living document literature review those not doing so.
Two other visual arts studies have focused on the experience of women with cancer. In addition to the introduction of self-care through guided imagery, the art-making therapy involved the women drawing complete pictures of themselves and engaging in yoga and meditation. The relaxation and symptom living document literature review produced by creative expression opened pathways to emotional healing. The psychological effects of breast cancer, in particular, may include adjustment disorders, depression, and anxiety, and these symptoms in turn may generate feelings of fear, anger, guilt, and emotional repression.
In their study, Puig et al. This pretest—posttest study included 4 individual therapy sessions conducted over a 4-week period, with each hour-long session comprising guided, semistructured, creative arts therapy exercises involving drawing implements. Thirty-nine women with stage 1 or stage 2 breast cancer were randomly assigned to an experimental group that took part in an individual creative arts therapy intervention or to a delayed treatment control group.
Analyses of covariance were used to analyze the results, living document literature review, which indicated that the creative arts therapy intervention was not effective in enhancing the expression of emotions or the participants' level of spirituality.
How to Write a Literature Review -- Dr. Guy E White
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A living fossil is an extant taxon that cosmetically resembles ancestral species known only from the fossil record. To be considered a living fossil, the fossil species must be old relative to the time of origin of the extant blogger.com fossils commonly are of species-poor lineages, but they need not be Oct 29, · About 30 years ago, the fiction writer Tony Earley wrote a short story called "The Prophet From Jupiter," for Harper's Magazine, which concerned the goings-on of a particular town, from the A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a specific topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question
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