Against torture essay

Against torture essay

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OHCHR | Convention against Torture

Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person. Torture has been carried out or sanctioned by individuals, groups, against torture essay, and states throughout history from ancient times to modern day, and forms of torture can vary greatly in duration from only a few minutes to several days or longer.

Reasons for torture can include punishmentrevengeextortionpersuasionpolitical re-educationdeterrencecoercion of the victim or a third party, interrogation to extract information or a confession irrespective of whether it is falseagainst torture essay, or simply the sadistic gratification of those carrying out or observing the torture. The torturer may or against torture essay not kill or injure the victim, but torture may result in a deliberate death and serves as a form of capital punishment.

Depending on the aim, even a form of torture that is intentionally fatal may be prolonged to allow the victim to suffer as long as possible such as half-hanging. In other cases, the torturer may be indifferent to the condition of the victim, against torture essay. Although torture is sanctioned by some states, it is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries.

Although widely illegal and reviled, there is an ongoing debate as to what exactly is and is not legally defined as torture, against torture essay.

It is a serious violation of human rightsand is declared to be illegal by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the Geneva Conventions of and the Additional Protocols I and II of 8 June officially agree not to torture captured persons in armed conflictsagainst torture essay, whether international or internal.

Torture is also prohibited for the signatories of the United Nations Convention Against Torturewhich has state parties. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical, and information obtained by torture is less reliable than that obtained by other techniques. report widespread use condoned by states in many regions of the against torture essay. According to the United Nations Convention against Tortureagainst torture essay, torture is defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a powerless victim.

The treatment must be inflicted for a specific purpose, such as forcing the victim to confess, provide information, or to punish them. In the study of the history of torture, some authorities rigidly divide the history of torture per se from the history of capital punishment, while noting that most forms of capital punishment are extremely painful.

Torture grew into an ornate discipline, where calibrated violence served two against torture essay to investigate and produce confessions and to attack the body as a form of punishment, against torture essay. Entire populaces of towns would show up to witness an execution by torture in the public square.

Those who had been "spared" torture were commonly locked barefooted into the stocks, where children took delight in rubbing feces into their hair and mouths. Deliberately painful methods of torture and execution for severe crimes were taken for granted as part of justice until the development of Humanism in 17th-century philosophyand " cruel and unusual punishment " came to be denounced in the English Bill of Rights of The Age of Enlightenment in the Western world further developed the idea of universal human rights.

The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in marks the recognition at least nominally of a general ban of torture by all UN member states. Judicial against torture essay was probably first applied in Persia, either by Medes or Achaemenid Empire. Prisoners of war against torture essay their tongues torn out and were flayed or burned alive. This served the tangential objective of persuading the next city to surrender without a struggle.

Over time torture has been used as a means of reform, inducing public terror, interrogation, spectacle, and sadistic pleasure. The ancient Greeks and Romans used torture for interrogation. Until the 2nd century AD, against torture essay, torture was used only on slaves with a few exceptions. This torture occurred to break the bond between a master and his slave.

Slaves were thought to be incapable of lying under torture. Medieval and early modern European courts used torture, depending on the crime of the accused and against torture essay or her social status. Torture was deemed a legitimate means to extract confessions or to obtain the names of accomplices or other information about a crime, although many confessions were greatly invalid due to the victim against torture essay forced to confess under great agony and pressure.

It was permitted by law only if there was already half-proof against the accused. Torture in the Medieval Inquisition began in with a papal bull Ad Extirpanda and ended in when another papal bull forbade its use, against torture essay.

Although the torture that was sanctioned by the bull was less severe than the torture that could be found in contemporary secular courts.

A highly esteemed against torture essay in the times of the Inquisition as a good means of interrogating "taciturn" heretics and wizards was the interrogation chair. Torture was usually conducted in secret, underground dungeons. By contrast, torturous executions were typically public, against torture essay, and woodcuts of English prisoners being hanged, drawn and quartered show large crowds of spectators, as do paintings of Spanish auto-da-fé executions, in which heretics were burned at the stake, against torture essay.

Torture was also used during this period as a means of reform, spectacle, to induce fear into the public, and most popularly as a punishment for treason. Medieval torture devices were varied. One old English chronicle from the Early Medieval period reads, "They hanged them by the thumbs, against torture essay, or by the head, and hung fires on their feet; they put knotted strings about their heads and writhed them so that it went to the brain Some they put in a chest that was short, against torture essay, and narrow, and shallow, and put sharp stones therein, and pressed the man therein so that they broke all his limbs I neither can nor may tell all the wounds against torture essay all the tortures which they inflicted on wretched men in this land.

Limb-smashing and drowning were also popular medieval tortures. Specific devices were also created and used during this time, against torture essay, including the rack, the Pear also mentioned in Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue as " Choak [ sic.

However, remains of an Anglo-Saxon ostracized girl aged between 15 and 18 years old, dated back to between and AD, were discovered in Basingstoke in the s, which showed evidence of facial disfigurementincluding a cut across her mouth that removed her lips, a cut that had her nose cut off, and another cut across her forehead; such punishments were also related to adulteresses and to slaves caught stealing.

During the early against torture essay period, against torture essay, the torture of witches took place. Inagainst torture essay, Anton Praetorius described the situation of the prisoners in the dungeons in his book Gründlicher Bericht Von Zauberey und Zauberern Thorough Report about Sorcery and Sorcerers. He was one of the first to protest against all means of torture.

While secular courts often treated suspects ferociously, Will and Ariel Durant argued in The Age of Faith that many of the most vicious procedures were inflicted upon pious heretics by even more pious friars.

The Dominicans gained a reputation as some of the most fearsomely innovative torturers in medieval Spain. Torture was continued by Protestants during the Renaissance against teachers who they viewed as heretics. In John Calvin had Jacques Gruet arrested in GenevaSwitzerland. Under against torture essay he confessed to several crimes including writing an anonymous letter left in the pulpit which threatened death to Calvin and his associates.

In England the trial by jury developed considerable freedom in evaluating evidence and condemning on circumstantial evidencemaking torture to extort confessions unnecessary. For this reason, in England, a regularized system of judicial torture never existed and its use was limited to political cases. Torture was in theory not permitted under English law, but in Tudor and early Stuart times, under certain conditions, torture was used in England.

For example, the confession of Marc Smeaton at the trial of Anne Boleyn was presented in written form only, either to hide from the court that Smeaton had been tortured on the rack for four hours, or because Thomas Cromwell was worried that he would recant his confession if cross-examined.

When Guy Fawkes was arrested against torture essay his role in the Gunpowder Plot of he was tortured until he revealed all he knew about the plot. This was not so much to extract a confession, which was not needed to prove his guilt, but to extract from him the against torture essay of his fellow conspirators. By this time torture was not routine in England and a special warrant from King James I was needed before he could be tortured.

The wording of the warrant shows some concerns for humanitarian considerations, specifying that the severity of the methods of interrogation were to be increased only gradually until the interrogators were sure that Fawkes had told all he knew.

The privy council attempted to have John Felton who stabbed George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham to death in questioned under torture on the rack, but the judges resisted, unanimously declaring its use to be contrary to the laws of England. In Colonial Americawomen were sentenced to the stocks with wooden clips on their tongues or subjected to the " dunking stool " for the gender-specific crime of talking too much. In the 17th century, the number of incidents of judicial torture decreased against torture essay many European regions.

Johann Graefe in published Tribunal Reformationa case against torture. Cesare Beccariaan Italian lawyer, published in "An Essay on Against torture essay and Punishments", in which he argued that torture unjustly punished the innocent and should be unnecessary in proving guilt.

Voltaire — also fiercely condemned torture in some of his essays. While in Egypt inNapoleon Bonaparte wrote to Major-General Berthier regarding the validity of torture as against torture essay interrogation tool: [33]. The barbarous custom of whipping men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be abolished. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation, by putting men to the torture, is useless. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe, against torture essay.

Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity. European states abolished torture from their statutory law in the late 18th and early 19th against torture essay. England abolished torture in about except peine forte et durewhich England only abolished inScotland inPrussia inDenmark aroundRussia inagainst torture essay, Austria and Polish-Lithuanian Against torture essay inItaly inFrance inand Baden in Bavaria abolished torture in and Württemberg in In Spain, the Napoleonic conquest put an end to torture in Norway abolished it in and Portugal in The last European jurisdictions to abolish legal torture were Portugal and the canton of Glarus in Switzerland Modern sensibilities have been shaped by a profound reaction to the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Axis Powers and Allied Powers in the Second World Warwhich have led to a sweeping international rejection of most if not all aspects of the practice.

A variety of devices bridge this gap, including state denialagainst torture essay, " secret police ", " need to know ", a denial that given treatments are torturous in nature, appeal to various laws national or internationalthe use of jurisdictional argument and the claim of "overriding against torture essay. Throughout history and today, against torture essay, many states have engaged in torture, albeit unofficially, against torture essay.

Torture ranges from physical, psychological, political, interrogations techniques, and also includes rape of anyone outside of law enforcement, against torture essay. According to scholar Ervand Abrahamianalthough there were several decades of prohibition of torture that spread from Europe to most parts of the world, by the against torture essay, the taboo against torture was broken and torture "returned with a vengeance," propelled in part by against torture essay and an opportunity to break political prisoners and broadcast the resulting public recantations of their political beliefs for "ideological warfare, political mobilization, and the need to win 'hearts and against torture essay. In the years andover 16 countries were documented using torture.

Department of State, ] yearly human rights reports. These reports showed that torture and ill-treatment are consistently report based on all four sources in 32 countries. At least two reports the use of torture and ill-treatment in at least 80 countries.

These reports confirm the assumption that torture occurs in a quarter of the world's countries on a regular basis. This global prevalence of torture is estimated on the magnitude of particular high-risk groups and the amount of torture used by these groups. Torture still occurs in a small number [ citation needed ] of liberal democracies despite several international treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN Convention Against Torture making torture illegal.

Despite such international conventions, torture cases continue to arise such as the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal committed by personnel of the United States Army. The U. Constitution and U. law prohibits the use of torture, yet such human rights violations occurred during the War on Terror under the euphemism Enhanced interrogation.

The United States revised the previous torture policy in under the Obama Administration. This revision revokes Executive Order of 20 Julyunder which the incident at Abu Ghraib and prisoner abuse occurred.

Executive Order of 22 January further defines United States policy on torture and interrogation techniques in an attempt to further prevent another torture incident. The prohibition of torture is a peremptory norm in public international law —meaning that it is forbidden under all circumstances.

What is United Nations Convention against Torture

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Torture - Wikipedia

Essay About Capital Punishment. Capital punishment is a death penalty that is put into impact for significant wrongdoings. Capital punishment is an exceptionally dubious theme in the Country and all through the world. The United States has been divided by the death penalty debate, there are many supporters, however; there are also many who Oct 15,  · The prohibition against torture is one of the most universally accepted principles of international law. Yet, the world is experiencing a global restructuring that poses a serious threat to international efforts to prevent and protect against torture Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December entry into force 26 June , in accordance with article 27