towards my PhD dissertation presented itself, I felt privileged and excited to begin. Research in artists’ health in general, Data were analyzed using grounded theory framework blogger.com: Sophie Soklaridis Ph.D study to navigate the complex world of grounded theory. I could not have imagined having better advisors as, without their support, it would not have been possible to produce this research. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout this thesis Grounded theory method, which is taught in master’s and doctoral-level research courses, requires a significant time investment to understand the various steps required for data collection and blogger.com by: 2
Grounded theory and the PhD – notes for novice researchers | Emerald Insight
This paper aims to consider the realities and problematics of applying a grounded theory GT approach to research, as a novice, within a mixed methods study during post graduate research. Its intention is to provide the novice user with a framework of considerations and greater awareness of the issues that GT can expose during research activity. Using empirical evidence and a comparative approach, the paper compares the efficacy of both the classic Glaserian and Straussian models, phd thesis using grounded theory.
It observes the effects of a positivist academic environment upon the choice of approach and its application. This study was specific to design education; however, its reliance upon a social science epistemology results in findings beneficial to research novices across broader disciplines.
GT presents the novice researcher with several potential pitfalls. Most problematic were the immutable, positivist institutional requirements, researcher a priori knowledge, phd thesis using grounded theory, the reliance upon literature for the research proposal and structure of the proposal itself. These include suspension of the notion that the purist use of either model can be applied in the current academic environment, the need for a close relationship with the data and toleration of a non-linear process with unexpected results.
The practicalities of GT research are often reflected upon by the academy, but use by novice researchers is little considered. The findings from this study provide a novel set of guidelines for use by those embarking on GT research and particularly where the requirements of formal education may cause a conflict.
Thurlow, L. Copyright ©Lisa Thurlow. Published in Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY phd thesis using grounded theory. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, phd thesis using grounded theory, translate and create derivative works of this article for both commercial and non-commercial purposessubject to full attribution to the original publication and authors.
This paper considers the practicalities and problematics of applying grounded theory GT as a novice researcher during a mixed methods research project. Presented as a critical review of GT via a case study, it observes postgraduate PhD investigation into the nature of sketch inhibition among undergraduates within design higher education.
The aim of the study was to build an effective theory of sketch inhibition as along with a set of pedagogic tools for its management in higher education — sketch inhibition is defined as a phenomenon whereby the suffer feels or demonstrates a reluctance or inability to engage with the mark-making aspect of design ideation and development Author, This type of problem-solving and conceptual activity is also evident in broader environments including the social sciences, sciences and business.
Although often criticised for its lack of formal epistemology Doherty, ; Downs,the design disciplines have historically borrowed heavily from the social sciences, and an unintended consequence phd thesis using grounded theory this study offers methodological insight, not only to design research but also to other disciplines.
The following considers GT as a research approach and methodological framework deleted phrase alongside the personality of post graduate research. Its characteristics both Glaserian and Straussian are considered by the literature, together with a critical evaluation of their relationship. The benefits and problematics of GT applied within the mainly positivist environment of independent post graduate study are considered — from initial proposal, data gathering and analysis; thesis-writing; and identifying points along the research process where method particular attention or method slurring Baker et al.
By way of conclusion, the findings from this have been developed into a set of considerations for prospective users of the method, intended as a decision-making tool for novices to GT research. Such lack of theory relating to the phenomenon of sketch inhibition drew the research towards an inductive process, and paradigmatically, GT. A constructivist approach was identified as the most appropriate — sketch inhibition being phenomenological and perceived at both the macro-level across discipline and by individual sufferers.
GT, Glaser and Strauss, ; Strauss and Corbin,offering both method and result Bohm, in providing understanding Furniss, of sketch inhibition was the most appropriate approach for observing the phenomenon. Based on this initial understanding of GT research, and its apparent suitability for the study, further review of evaluation method was conducted. Being data-driven, GT study demands identification of an area of interest or research question to be investigated but no explicit methodology at the outset — phd thesis using grounded theory was perplexing; the antithesis of the requirement for post graduate study.
GT and phenomenology paradigms occupying a close relationship within the social sciences, method phd thesis using grounded theory is often an unavoidable consequence of its use Baker et al, phd thesis using grounded theory. The close relationship between research activity and data and the recursive nature of their method were phd thesis using grounded theory by Glaser and Straussp.
Identification and saturation of categories is data-driven Muratovski, using an emergent approach phd thesis using grounded theory classification: pre-defined categories unnecessary and potentially harmful to the process. Both Glaserian and Straussian approaches to GT use constant comparison — the evaluation of new data against existing categories and development of new categories should these emerge during the process.
Both approaches use theoretical sampling — the identification of further sources of data to be evaluated, these reliant upon the development of theory emerging from existing data Suddaby, Via the process of constant comparison and purposive sampling, identification of clear categories and the relationships between them emerge from the data:.
Categories or codes […] are the basic building blocks of a grounded theory. As they are developed, the same recursive, theory driven, comparative processes are used to surface the links and relationships among the categories to construct a complete theoretical framework Locke,p. This would allow the data to drive the research and obviate the need for a preformulated methodology.
The Glaserian model of emergence relied upon allowing the data to simply appear during analysis characterized by the separateness between researcher and the external world that incorporates their subject matter Howell, Lockep. Strauss and Corbin suggested both induction, whereby data is used to build phd thesis using grounded theory picture of a reality, and deduction based upon hypothesis testing, deleted phrase were intrinsic to such research and the act of conceptualization by the researcher would by default, involve deduction, suggesting interaction between the two was necessary for theory-building, phd thesis using grounded theory.
With a dearth of knowledge around sketch inhibition, the methodological purity of the Glaserian model was attractive, and further considered, phd thesis using grounded theory. Coding, according to Walker and Myrickp. Strauss and Corbincoding is more complex, involving open, axial and selective coding, although individual stages are subject to blurring and can be used both sequentially and concurrently Walker and Myrick, Initial, open coding allows reduction of data into concise manageable themes that accurately reflect the phenomenon.
Axial coding allows for interpretation of phd thesis using grounded theory to be identified. What is the context in which this process is embedded? The final, selective coding stage involves the bringing together of categories and connections, their development into a storyline to describe the mechanics of the issue. According to Muratovskithis is the point where theory can be developed.
This more constructivist approach to coding was criticised by Glaser for being too aggressive, negatively affecting the research outcome. At this point, the purity of the Galserian model was still considered the most appropriate for the study, enabling a natural emergence of knowledge about sketch inhibition, and an almost effortless development of theory. Potter believed unintentional researcher influence unavoidable, subsequent knowledge considered to be of a Constructivist epistemology.
Baker et al. This more structured approach was potentially more manageable than a classic Glaserian style and appeared phd thesis using grounded theory provide a robust and justifiable route towards growth of theory Wacker, Despite the unease between the two schools, Suddabyp. The essentialist concept of measurability being vital to success in education — the award of academic qualifications impossible without it — creates an immutable environment for within which post graduate researchers must function.
Such need for measurability requires, by default, a set of criteria to measure against, the research proposal being central to this. With most influence on the study was the requirement for a formal, developed proposal: this was completely at odds with GT and effectively precluded its use purest form — methodological concessions were already being made. A review of the literature was necessary to frame the scope of the research and with so little literature referring directly to sketch inhibition, a wider search allowed context to be established, phd thesis using grounded theory.
This continued for over a year, almost exclusively, to build a research framework robust enough to carry the primary research through to completion of the study. If the Glaserian model were to be observed, the use of the literature review together with empirical data would deem the data already contaminated. The Straussian model, by default, had become the approach to the study.
According to the institutional requirement, the research proposal was submitted. The initial aim was:. An investigation into the reasons for design students and early career designers avoiding manual drawing tools during design development and the proposal of a pedagogical framework to address this.
The objectives were presented, thus, as an investigation into: The stages of design development where drawing is used and an investigation into its purpose within creative development. Current practice of designers across a range of disciplines regarding their use of drawing techniques during design development.
Reasons for students choosing not to use drawing as a tool for development and presentation — explicit reasoning. An investigation into the use of drawing as a tool for design development within HE — tactic reasoning. The position and value of drawing within current frameworks for design education — tacit reasoning Author, This proposal was problematic on several levels.
As a statement of intent, it was far too complex. In contradiction to GT it made assumptions about the nature and extent of sketch inhibition and presupposed that it was indeed an issue. In addition to this, and in further contradiction to GT, the proposal required submission of a literature review and proposed methodology for data collection and analysis. The methodology was also submitted for ethical approval: pre-empting methods and samples was required despite there being little data upon which to base their need.
Regardless of this, without such approval, the research could not have been conducted. At this point, a full literature review together with the developed methodology for phd thesis using grounded theory collection and analysis was required. The standard PhD model demanded the literature review prior to primary research. This again was in conflict with a GT approach.
Based upon institutional requirements, the methodology presented for review was as follows:. Semi-structured interviews: Divided phd thesis using grounded theory two groups, with those who observed sketch inhibition, i.
industry and education specialists; and with those who suffered sketch inhibition, i. undergraduates of design. The semi-structured approach was considered the most appropriate mode and accordingly, a standard operating procedure had to be developed and a set of questions designed.
Protocol analysis experiment and observation: to identify the symptoms of sketch inhibition among sufferers, a sample of inhibited students would complete an ideation task to be observed and coded. This was based upon similar methodologies of Suwa et al. It was intended that data would be analysed using a coding system based on precedents set by Suwa et al. Questionnaire and Delphi study: once a proposal for sketch inhibition management had been developed, this would be submitted for feedback to interview subjects from Group 1.
In addition to this, phd thesis using grounded theory, the Delphi study Hsu and Sandford, was intended to produce a normalised set of moderated pedagogic tools for use by educators Author, Based upon this proposal, the formal review was passed and progression to a PhD was approved.
However, as a piece of GT research, the project was already failing: the methodology up to this point had been driven entirely by institutional requirements and not by the data. The remit of the study was the development of a theory of sketch inhibition and pedagogic framework; however, the proposed tools would phd thesis using grounded theory facilitate the constant comparative and purposive sampling essential to achieve this.
In fact, the research process had developed into a series of box-ticking exercises to fulfil the requirements of the institution and understanding sketch inhibition had become subordinate to the research proposal, phd thesis using grounded theory. This was completely at odds with the aim and approach of the study and a watershed moment — the GT literature was revisited, the protocol experiment, NASA TLX questionnaire and questionnaire and Delphi study duly scrapped and restructuring of the project undertaken.
Based solely upon the emergence of issues from data, the interview method alone was kept, albeit in a form more reflective of true GT. From this, further interviews were conducted, data coded immediately after each one, and emergent themes used to inform the next interview, i.
The interviews provided both data for the study, and insight into the problematics of conducting GT research. Digression was a phd thesis using grounded theory issue, particularly among industry subjects and often difficult to manage: if everything was considered as data within a GT study, to what extent could digression be allowed in case it offered up some new and unexpected insight?
Learn Grounded Theory For Research With Dr Lynlee Howard-Payne: Two PhDs In Conversation
, time: 1:00:27
The purpose of this grounded theory (GT) study was to discover an explanatory theory derived from data, which facilitates an understanding of virtual leadership, including aspects of systems and processes. Through this study, I pursued an exploration of virtual leadership leading to an emergent-patterned core dimension or facet that willAuthor: Linda Sue Schurch Ph.D study to navigate the complex world of grounded theory. I could not have imagined having better advisors as, without their support, it would not have been possible to produce this research. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout this thesis Oct 26, · Her PhD () used Grounded Theory to consider the cause, symptoms and management of sketch inhibition among under-graduate designers across multiple disciplines. Her interests include design cognition and visual learning pedagogies, developing tools for students with learning differences and international students for whom such approaches are blogger.com by: 1
No comments:
Post a Comment